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The Influence of Verbal Instructions on Action Control
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-04-26)Prior research on action control has primarily focused on action-effect learning through behavioral experiments. However, another line of research has demonstrated that verbal information can serve as an alternative route for forming these associations, even without any active behavior. This thesis explores whether verbal instructions framed in an effect-response manner can provide an additional ... -
Trends for cognitive function and dementia in a general population; Risk factors, trajectories, and incidence
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-04-25)Med økende levealder er kognitiv sunn aldring viktig for et godt liv i alderdommen. Kognisjon hos unge voksne har økt det siste århundret, men det er få studier over tid på personer over 60 år. Risikofaktorer for kognitiv svikt og demens er identifisert, og en av de mest lovende beskyttende faktorer er fysisk aktivitet. Demensprevalensen er høyere i Norge enn sammenlignbare land, og longitudinelle ... -
Experiences with Capacity-based Mental Health Legislation in Norway. A qualitative interview study among patients who have come off a community treatment order, their health professionals and their family caregivers
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-04-26)The aim of the thesis was to explore the experiences of groups affected by the change in the Mental Health Care Act of 2017 when Norway introduced lack of consent capacity as an independent criterion for the use of coercion in mental health. Individual interviews were conducted to explore experiences with the change in the law from three perspectives in the northernmost health region of Norway. A ... -
Relationships between physical activity and chronic pain: The role of endogenous pain sensitivity - A population-based perspective: The Tromsø Study
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-04-16)<p><i>Background and aims:</i> Chronic pain is a major global health concern, yet causal mechanisms are not well understood. Physical activity is popular as prevention and treatment, possibly acting through a positive effect on endogenous pain modulation. This has not been examined in the general population. <p><i>Materials and methods:</i> We used data from the sixth and seventh surveys of the ... -
HIV Infected African Children: Gut microbiota in relation to chronic lung disease and long-term antibiotic treatment
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-04-19)More than half of the population with HIV in the world live in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV-associated chronic lung disease is the most prevalent comorbidity among children and adolescents with HIV in this region. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and thought to be a result of chronic immune activation and repeated lung injury. CD4+ T-cells are the main target for HIV infection. As the majority of CD4+ ... -
Mental Health, Work, Welfare and Vocational Rehabilitation. A Comprehensive Study of Young Adults in the Norwegian Welfare State
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-04-11)<p><i>Background:</i> Despite Norway's high living standards and robust welfare system, a paradox exists concerning its young working-age adults - low unemployment but high and increasing uptake of health-related welfare benefits, mainly due to mental health problems. My study investigates the relationship between Norway's welfare system, young adults' reliance on health-related benefits, social ... -
Educational inequality in population-based health studies
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-04-04)When comparing groups in the society, one can observed systematic differences in health. The higher the education the group has, the higher the proportion of the group’s member have good health. These differences are known as social inequality in health. Information concerning an individual’s socioeconomic status is often collected through self-administrated questionnaires within epidemiological ... -
A Systems Epidemiology Approach to Breast Cancer and Parity. The Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) Study
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-04-04)The incidence and prevalence of breast cancer (BC) are increasing worldwide. The reasons for this trend are partly unknown. BC has several well documented modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. The only known, natural protective factors are breastfeeding and parity. The current paradigm is that the protective effect of parity is mediated by permanent genomic changes in a woman’s breast tissue ... -
Novel biomarkers in hypertension
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-04-11)<p><i>Introduction</i> Hypertension and kidney damage are reciprocally related. Current blood and urine tests cannot reliably detect early kidney damage from hypertension, hindering timely prevention. A biomarker that captures kidney damage due to hypertension at an early stage might improve risk stratification and treatment. The primary objective of this project was to investigate how biomarkers ... -
Novel insights into the fenestrated scavenger endothelium of the liver sinusoid
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-03-22)<p>The sinusoids (specialized small blood vessels) of the liver are covered by endothelium (blood vessel wall cells) with open transcellular pores (holes that go from one side to the other) called fenestrations. This allows for efficient bidirectional transfer of solutes between the blood and the hepatocytes (main metabolic liver cell). These fenestrations can disappear or reduce in number and size ... -
Cytomegalovirus infection and dexamethasone effects in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-03-15)The liver is a major organ in the body's defense against blood-borne pathogens. It acts as a filter for the blood and is a central site for immune responses, and a central hub for various metabolic processes. Within the liver, an extensive network of small blood vessels, the hepatic sinusoids, are key sites for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood circulation and the liver ... -
Aspects of brain health and pain tolerance in a general population
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-02-15)Pain is a major burden both for affected individuals and for society. While it has been established that processing in the brain is key to the experience of pain, most of the research is done in healthy volunteers or patients with specific pain conditions. Less is known about how the status of the brain may relate to pain sensitivity in the general population. While clinical pain can differ because ... -
Microbial Adaptation - Responses to External Cues
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-02-09)Bacteria can adapt to various environments because they efficiently sense and respond to external cues. This is exemplified by antibiotic resistance, a leading cause for death on a global scale. Antibiotics exert a selection pressure on bacteria, where improper use can inadvertently select for antibiotic resistance. Dissemination of antibiotic resistance throughout bacterial populations can occur ... -
Panoramic radiograph analyses for early detection of osteoporosis in the population of Northern Norway
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-01-26)Osteoporosis is a chronic disease affecting bone tissue that may lead to fractures from minor accidents. Roughly 20% of females and 6 % of males have osteoporosis after age 50, but the disease might be present at a younger age. Early diagnosis is challenging because the disease has no symptoms. Dental radiography is a frequent examination that might be useful for early osteoporosis screening at ... -
Energetics, energy availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) in female football players - Methodological perspectives and research implications
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-01-18)<p><i>Background:</i> For athletes, it is imperative that energy intake adequately addresses the total energy requirements inherent to their specific sport. Low energy availability, which is the failure to provide the body with adequate energy to sustain physiological homeostasis, may potentially result in Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). This is a syndrome that can have detrimental health ... -
Exploring mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and mitochondria-lipid droplet interactions in cardiac cell models
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-01-11)Mitochondria are the main energy producing units (organelles) in cardiac cells (cardiomyocytes). Cardiomyocytes have especially high mitochondrial content due to the heart’s continuous energy-intensive pumping. Studies of heart disease (such as heart failure) indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction is central to disease progression. There are many cellular mechanisms that protect mitochondria from ... -
Decision-making in Norwegian child welfare services- The impact of case characteristics on decision-making from referral to concluded investigation
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-01-18)The thesis explores how case characteristics impact decision-making in the Norwegian child welfare service. The following decisions were studied: i) the initial screening decision, ii) the extent of an investigation, and iii) the dismissal of cases when the family refuse interventions. Previous research has identified differences in case trajectory between agencies. The impact of case characteristics ... -
Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Accidental Hypothermia: Physiological and pathophysiological effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in hypothermia regarding hemodynamics, oxygen transport and regional blood flow
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2023-12-21)This thesis was aimed to examine the physiological and pathophysiological effects of 3 hours continuous cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) at 27°C concerning hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and regional blood flow. We aimed to explore mechanisms responsible for the successful resuscitation of accidental hypothermia victims in hypothermic cardiac arrest (HCA) and evaluate their value during prolonged ... -
Dementia Disease Initiation: Demographically adjusted norms based on Scandinavian samples and comparison with published norms from North America
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2023-12-14)<p><i>Background:</i> Norms are necessary for interpreting neuropsychological test scores. In Norway and Sweden, there is a lack of local norms on neuropsychological tests. Consequently, Scandinavians are frequently norm-referenced to participants from North America tested decades prior. However, factors such as time of assessment, language, population differences in average performance on cognitive ... -
Measuring socioeconomic position in studies of health inequalities
(Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 2024-02-08)<p>There is a consistent finding that the higher the socioeconomic position (SEP), the better the health. The choice of SEP indicator is crucial in explaining these socioeconomic inequalities. However, a poorly motivated use of SEP indicators prevails in the literature on social health inequalities, hampering the transparency and comparability across studies. Its primary aim is to explore different ...
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